WHEAT streak mosaic virus (WSMV) caused serious LOSSES in WHEAT in some regions of Fars province in 2000-2001. Sampling was done to assess WSMV LOSSES in a field in the college of Agriculture, Shiraz University. All plants in each of 10 randomly selected squaremeter plots were pulled and grouped in three categories of severely diseased, stunted and healthy, on the basis of symptoms. Their agronomical characters were measured. There was significant difference in all characters between healthy and infected plants. Difference in height and weight of tillers and number of seeds per spike in healthy and infected plants was significant at 1% level. The difference was significant at 5% level for number of tillers per plant. Yield of each plot, percent of infected plants and tillers, relative (%) weight of infected kernels, yield per plant and tillers and percentage of potential yield were calculated. There are significant difference at 1% level between yield per plant and tillers in healthy and infected plants. Percentage of potential yield is a ratio of yield of an infected plot to healthy one on the basis of one plant. For calculation of yield and percentage of potential yield and regression analysis, sampling was done in the 20 randomly selected square-meter plots. Thousand-kernel weights of two adjacent fields with 43% and 100% infection, had 18.73% and 41.04% weight reduction, respectively .Sieving of kernels showed severe reduction in kernel size due to disease. Up to 98% of healthy seeds, but only ca 13% of infected seeds germinatd.Comparative analysis of infected and healthy plant yields, yield per plant and per tiller and percentage of potential yield, showed that percentage of potential yield is a better representative of yield reduction. Among different characters and variables, percent of infected plants had a higher correlation with the percentage of potential yield. Therefore, the regression equation between percent of infected plants, and the percentage of potential yield was calculated. This equation, y= 101.164-0.755x(r=0.969)had the best fitness for the disease loss assessment. Evaluation and statistical analysis indicated that the virus had serious effect on all agronomical properties and yield components. In addition, seeds from severely infected plants were not suitable for planting.The calculated rate of loss in totally infected field was 74.38% while the field with 43.67% infection had a loss of 31.83%.

The most important agricultural products in our country is WHEAT that plays an important and distinct role in preparing food for people.Like other products of agriculture, we see many LOSSES in this product from producing to consuming. According to the results in harvesting irregular or old combines can affect the products by breaking grains or not separating the WHEAT from chaff. Doing this study, some parts of Varamin which have most WHEAT farming land have been chosen such as Javad Abad, Ghaleh Sin and Khaveh. The average of LOSSES in Varimin has been estimated 7 percent for one hectare. Amount of LOSSES was like this damage LOSSES 4.2 percent, quantitative LOSSES.1.6 percent, cylinder LOSSES 0.6 and sieve LOSSES 0.6 percent. It can be said that the main reasons for these LOSSES were: age of combine, speed of machine, cuter bar height, planting method, lack of adaptation between reel speed and combine speed, the farmer’s lack of fumiliarity with the combine, incongruity speed of fans, weed pollution, unsuitable of grain WHEAT during harvesting and irregularity of sieve. Accordingly, there are some suggestions: Land leveling, determination of useful age of combines and the best time for replacing, farmer’s and operators training, arrangement of combine device parts and using suitable ways for planting and irrigation.

WHEAT is one of the important food staff in consumption pattern of each country. More than 50% of human energy is supplied from bread in the developing country. Combine LOSSES is less than 2-3% in developed countries, while in developing country is about 15-20% in different regions and circumstances of harvesting seasons and field conditions. In this research project that effect of combine type and WHEAT variety to grain LOSSES and waists were investigated. Experimental design was split plot in a completely randomized block design with three replications. WHEAT variety in two levels of Sardari and Omid as a main plot and combines type in two levels of John Deere (JD) 1055 and JD 955 as a sub plot. Field experiments were carried out in the farmers field with 5 ha area. The results showed that higher amount of LOSSES were in the Omid variety and JD 955 with totally 5.97% (306.3 kg ha-1) that 14.75% of them attributed on the combine back, 41.6% on Header, 5.4% on Drum and 24.45% on impurity and 13.8% on grain breakage. The lowest LOSSES related to JD 1055 and Sardari variety with 3.12 % (160.05 kg ha-1) that 14.65% of them attributed on the combine back, 35.7% on Header, 4.5% on Drum, 26.15% on impurity and 19% on grain breakage.

A considerable amount of WHEAT is lost during the production and consuming process in Iran. Therefore, die first step to control of LOSSES is cslimation oftlie amount of LOSSES and recognizing die factors affecting them. In this research, 68 samples were selected and surveyed WHEAT harvest with combines in 2001. The results showed that the average WHEAT loss in Fars province during the harvesting process was about 4.81% of total product.! he highest amount of LOSSES (68%) was related 10 the head of combine. The natural LOSSES, seive and straw walker LOSSES, threshing cylinder LOSSES, and quality LOSSES had taken the next places respectively. Effective factors the total LOSSES of WHEAT during the harvest were; Planting dale, land fragmentation each faimer, the farmer knowledge about combine, age of the combines, Planting method, speed of (liereel, height of the cutter bar, yield and training of combine operator. Grain LOSSES during the transportation process was 0,081% of total product. This LOSSES was affected by transportation distance. The cost of WHEAT LOSSES in harvesting and transportation process in 2001 was about 179 billion Rials in Fars Province.

This study was conducted to evaluate CropSyst model to predict the fate and residual N of WHEAT production system in Gorgan-Northeast of Iran and to estimate N LOSSES in different WHEAT management scenarios. Evaluation of CropSyst to predict N uptake and residual N in soil profile were performed using 16 local fields in Gorgan. Simulation of N LOSSES in WHEAT production systems were conducted during 1967-2009 (40 years). Simulation scenarios were irrigated cultivation (average input; AI), irrigated cultivation (High input; HI) and rainfed cultivation (low input; LI). Results indicated that CropSyst model could satisfactorily predict yield, N uptake, residual N of WHEAT production system. WHEAT yield of scenarios were 4400, 4500 and 4000 (kg/ha) for AI, HI and LI respectively that LI yield was significantly lower than AI and HI. Total N LOSSES in AI, HI and LI were 13.5, 18.1 and 9.8 (kg N/ha) respectively. The highest LOSSES of N had occurred by gaseous loss (45 to 63% of total N LOSSES) in which volatilization (NH3(g)) contributed about 45 to 61% of total N LOSSES and scenarios had significant differences. Nitrate leaching scenarios were not significantly different and it was about 3 kg N/ha. It can be concluded that application of urea as topdressing led to increase N LOSSES (NH3 volatilization) and changing of the type of fertilizer and fertilizer management could reduce N LOSSES.

The purpose of this descriptive-survey research was to assess the attitude of the farmers, bakers and consumers toward cultural and social factors influencing WHEAT, flour, and bread LOSSES. The population of the study was constituted of all the farmers, bakers and bread consumers in Tehran, Khuzestan, Golestan and Kermanshah provinces. A sample of 1500 farmers, 600 bakers, and 6000 consumers was selected using multistage stratified random sampling method. An instrument (questionnaire) was developed by the researcher to gather the required data. This instrument constituted of three sections as according to the purpose and objectives of the study. Based on the results, there was a positive attitude among farmers indicating that social and cultural factors do influence WHEAT LOSSES. There were no relationship observed between age, educational level, and experience of farmers, and LOSSES of WHEAT. In general, local leaders incurred less WHEAT LOSSES than the other producers. The Results revealed that proficiency, positive attitude on bread, positively influence the prevention of flour and bread LOSSES. Also, the perception of bakery workers toward bread as a holly gift does reduce LOSSES. Consumers had correct understanding of bread value and the factors influencing its LOSSES.Nevertheless, there was a positive relationship observed to be existing between educational level of households and their bread LOSSES.

Objectives of this study, determine value of irrigated WHEAT seed in waste for processing line, determine of cost and benefit, determine Breakeven price and calculate of economic profitability indices of WHEAT seed processing lines in Ram Sanat Bahare in Alborz and Akyurek Technology in Kordestan provinces. This research carried out in 2018. Methodology of this study was profitability analysis by Economical engineering methods. According to the results, in Ram Sanat Bahare and Akyurek Technology, the gross value of process in waste of these lines was estimated 4.6 and 2.6 Iranian billion rials, Annual variables costs these lines was calculated 40.94 and 89.75 Iranian billion rials and the total gross value from sales of certifies seeded seeds sold and processed waste determined 55.2 and 104.8 Iranian billion rials, respectively. In Ram Sanat Bahare in Alborz, Breakeven price and gross margin of irrigated bread WHEAT (Pishgam cultivar) was estimated 14675 Iranian rial per kg and 14 Iranian billion rials, respectively. During (2017-2026), net present value (NPV) this line was 21.8 Iranian billion rials and benefit cost ratio was 1.05. In Akyurek Technology in Kordestan, Breakeven price and gross margin of dry bread WHEAT (Sardari cultivar) was estimated 17575.2 Iranian rial per kg and 20.34 Iranian billion rials, respectively. During analysis periods, net present value (NPV) this line was 98.7 Iranian billion rials and benefit cost ratio was 1.12. In general, the activity of WHEAT seed processing companies has been economic.

The purpose of this investigation was to study factors influencing WHEAT farmers' attitude toward technologies applying mitigation of WHEAT LOSSES during waterless and drought.The research method of this study was correlation. The target population in this research included all WHEAT farmers in Razavi Khorasan province (N=22,119) out of whom a number of 357 were selected as multi-stage cluster sampling method by using Cochran's formula and finally 291 questionnaires were filled out and analyzed (n=291). Validity of the instrument was established using a panel of experts. Cronbach's alpha, an internal consistency measure, was used to estimate the reliability, and was found to be in acceptable range from 0.86 to 0.88. Finding in the study indicates that a majority of the WHEAT farmers' knowledge and attitude toward these technologies apply was considered to be at moderate and relative favorable respectively. The results of spearman correlation test showed that education rate, the extent of caused damages by waterless and drought, the extent of extension. contacts, the extent of participation in extension activities and knowledge level of WHEAT farmers had a positive relationship with their attitude toward applying these technologies. The results of the bivariate regression revealed that 27.4 percent of variability in attitude toward applying these technologies stems from farmers' technical knowledge level.

Introduction: Therefore, the efficient use of production resources in the process of sustainable development is of considerable importance. Thus, this study was conducted to evaluate the technical efficiency, environmental efficiency and the factors affecting them, as well as to measure the economic loss of using detrimental inputs in rainfed WHEAT production in Ahar county.Materials and Methods: In this study, pesticide and fertilizer inputs were considered as environmentally detrimental inputs in rainfed WHEAT production, and technical and environmental efficiency were estimated separately. Therefore, it was estimated from a stochastic frontier Translog function using data related to 217 rainfed WHEAT farmers in Ahar county in the crop year of 2020-2022 to evaluate the technical efficiency and environmental efficiency of production.Results and discussion: Based on the results of inputs of tractor, seeds and manure and detrimental factors of pesticides and fertilizers had a significant effect on WHEAT production. The results of the technical and environmental efficiency showed that the quantity of environmental efficiency was lower than technical efficiency. With the increase in the use of detrimental inputs, fertilizer and pesticides, the production of environmental efficiency decreases. Based on the average technical efficiency of 66/06 and environmental efficiency of 49/36%, it is possible to increase both efficiency. In other words, by destroying inefficiency, farmers can increase their production by 34% with the same inputs.Suggestion: According to the results, the amount of land, family members with high education and pest damage were factors affecting the efficiency, therefore benefiting from the agriculture science and knowledge and timely dealing with pest damage can improve the efficiency. Considering that the use of pesticides and fertilizers while Pollution the product leaves significant environmental damage, therefore, in order to make the product production process as economical as possible, instead of promoting alternative methods, chemical control, biological and integrated pest control should be carried out.